Workload Partitions for Beginners - WPAR
Workload Partitioning is a virtualization technology that utilizes software rather than firmware to isolate users and/or applications.
Note: this introduction to WPAR concepts is based on CLI, or command line interface, to using workload partitions on a single AIX system.
A Workload Partition (WPAR) is a combination of several core AIX technologies. There are differences of course, but here the emphasis is on the similarities. In this essay I shall describe the characteristics of these technologies and how workload partitions are built upon them.
There are two types of WPAR: system and application.My focus is on system WPAR as this more closely resembles a LPAR or a separate system. In other words, a system WPAR behaves as a complete installation of AIX. At a later time application workload partitions will be described in terms of how they differ from a system WPAR. For the rest of this document WPAR and system WPAR are to be considered synonymous.
AIX system software has three components: root, user, and shared. The root component consists of all the software and data that are unique to that system or node. The user (or usr) part consists of all the software and data that is common to all AIX systems at that particular AIX software level (e.g., oslevel AIX 5.3 TL06-01, or AIX 5.3 TL06-02, or AIX 6.1). The shared component is software and data that is common to any UNIX or Linux system.
In it's default configuration a WPAR inherits it's user (/usr) and shared (/usr/share, usually physically included in /usr filesystem) components from the global system. Additionally, the WPAR inherits the /opt filesystem. The /opt filesystem is the normal installation area in the rootvg volume group for RPM and IHS packaged applications and AIX Linux affinity applications and libraries. Because multiple WPAR's are intended to share these file fystems (/usr and /opt) they are read-only by WPAR applications and users. This is very similiar to how NIM (Network Installation Manager) diskless and dataless systems were configured and installed. Since only the unique rootvg volume group file systems need to be created (/, /tmp, /var, /home) creation of a WPAR is a quick process.
The normal AIX boot process is conducted in three phases:
1) boot IPL, or locating and loading the boot block (hd5);
2) rootvg IPL (varyonvg of rootvg),
3) rc.boot 3 or start of init process reading /etc/inittab
A WPAR activation or "booting" skips step 1. Step 2 is the global (is hosting) system mounting the WPAR filesystems - either locally or from remote storage (currently only NFS is officially supported, GPFS is known to work, but not officially supported at this time (September 2007)). The third phase is staring an init process in the global system. This @init@ process does a chroot to the WPAR root filesystem and performs an AIX normal rc.boot 3 phase.
WPAR Management:
WPAR Management in it's simpliest form is simply: Starting, Stopping, and Monitoring resource usage. And, not to forget - creating and deleting WPAR.
Creating a WPAR is a very simple process: the onetime prequistite is the existence of the directory /wpars with mode 700 for root. Obviously, we do not want just anyone wondering in the virtualized rootvg's of the WPAR. And, if the WPAR name you want to create resolves either in /etc/hosts or DNS (and I suspect NIS) all you need to do is enter:
# mkwpar -n
If you want to save the output you could also use:
# nohup mkwpar -n
and watch the show!
This creates all the wpar filesystems (/, /home, /tmp, /var and /proc)
and read-only entries for /opt and /usr. After these have been made, they are
mounted and "some assembly" is performed, basically installing the root part
of the filesets in /usr. The only "unfortunate" part of the default setup is
that all filesystems are created in rootvg, and using generic logical partition
names (fslv00, fslv01, fslv02, fslv03). Fortunately, there is an argument
(-g) that you can use to get the logical partitions made in a different
volume group. There are many options for changing all of these and they
will be covered in my next document when I'll discuss WPAR mobility.
At this point you should just enter:
# startwpar
wait for prompt and from "anywhere" you can connect to the running WPAR just
as if it was a seperate system. Just do not expect to make any changes in /usr
or /opt (software installation is also a later document).
Summary:
WPAR creation is very similar to the process NIM uses for diskless and dataless installations. This method relies on AIX rootvg software consisting of three components: root, user and share. The normal boot process is emulated by the global system "hosting" the WPAR. Phase 1 is not needed; Phase 2 is the mount of the WPAR filesystem resources; and Phase 3 is a so-called @init@ process that is seen as the regular init in the WPAR environment. This is the process that reads and processes /sbin/rc.boot 3 and /etc/inittab just as a normal AIX system would.
What's next?
Not promising any particular order, but the subject I have in mind at
the moment are:
· WLM as resource manager....
· mkwpar options and (my) best practices
· WPAR mobility
· WPAR software installation
· Application WPAR
and I am sure more as I gain more experience.
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